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High performance liquid chromatography

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a widely used analytical technique. It allows samples to be separated and their components determined.

The basic principle of HPLC is passing a sample through a column packed with tiny particles (usually less than 10um diameter) and applying high pressure to increase the resolution and speed of the technique.

There is solvent constantly flowing through the system. This solvent is called mobile phase. To ensure the solvent is constantly moving through the system a pump is employed. This gives the required pressure to allow mobile phase and sample to move through the column with ease and speed. The sample is injected into the mobile phase so it can proceed directly to the column. The sample comes out from the column (elutes) and proceeds to the detector. This monitors the refractive index difference between the pure mobile phase entering the column and the column elute.

The signal from the detector is sent to a data recorder. This measures the time of each component (retention time) and the size of the signal (peak area). By injecting a known standard a retention time and peak area are achieved. If an unknown sample is then injected and peak obtained at the same retention time. The peak area can be used to calculate the amount of standard material in the unknown by proportion.

HPLC is especially important for evaluation of non-volatile compounds, providing rapid determination of additives, contaminants and natural components of food products.

Mycotoxins present in food products

Mycotoxins are substances created by fungal secondary metabolic processes which are in connection with specific disorders in animals and humans. The action of toxicity in animals is as harmful as the fungal species which produce these compounds.

Aflatoxins in milk products

A notable example of mycotoxins is aflatoxin that usually brings about liver damage and cancer, reducing the milk production and inhibiting immune system.

Aflatoxin M1, is a toxin found in milk extracted from ingested aflatoxin. Identification of M1 is important since it is likely to be found in milk which is an essential source of nutrition for human.

There are significant regulations (throughout the world) concerning the presence of aflatoxin M1 in dairy products.

Afla M1 HPLC is a rapid aflatoxin test from which accurate numerical results can be achieved. Using monoclonal affinity chromatography, Afla M1 can isolate aflatoxin M1 from dairy products.

This article is addressed to general audience. For more visit: Aflatoxins. Other subject: Dayspring.

Volvo S80’s ‘spoilage Factor’

Volvo Cars introduces its ‘spoilage factor’ in its flagship sedan to create an even greater customer baseline. Some enthusiasts are complaining about costly luxury cars. So Volvo is unraveling the S80’s spoilage factor without sacrificing affordability.

The most obvious change in the S80 sedan is in its aura. With a sheet metal that is quite similar to its siblings - S40 and S60 - the new sedan is expected to be a stunner in its segment. Enthusiasts are expressing their fondness of the sedan’s new shape and sculpted look. They are also amazed by the fact that the new sedan has no indication of boxiness which has served as a semaphore for the Swedish brand of the Ford Motor Co.

The interior of the car is also refined by combining the most functional and comfortable designs with that refreshing eye appeal. The S80 is equipped with a redesigned dash and simplified gauge display, two-tone, almost monochromatic materials with the finest wood accents, and reworked centre control stack layout to wow potential customers.

The flagship sedan of the Swedish automaker is equipped with Volvo power steering pump parts, a new 3.2 L straight-6 or 4.4 L V8 engine mated to the available four-wheel drive. The second-generation S80 is the automaker’s first sedan to become available with Volvo's compact, transversely fitted V8. The engine is capable of generating maximum output of 315 horsepower and 440 nm of torque. With four catalytic converters and advanced electronics, the V8 engine introduced in the Volvo XC90, is one of the cleanest of its kind.

The Volvo S80 was unveiled on 28 February at the Geneva Motor Show. It went on sale in June last year. The new S80 shares the EUCD platform with its siblings - Ford's S-MAX and Galaxy large MPVs. The car also features Volvo's Personal Car Communicator (PCC) remote control, a fairly new feature in the auto industry, as an optional feature. Before a driver gets to their car, he is able to review the security level to ascertain whether he has set the alarm and if the car is locked. In addition, the sedan is also equipped with a heartbeat sensor that warns if someone is hiding inside the car.

To stand by the safety philosophy of the automaker, the sedan is given the blind spot detector on side mirrors, Blind Spot Information System (BLIS), Active Bi-Xenon Lights (ABL) to illuminate around curves in the dark and Adaptive cruise control (ACC) with Collision Warning and Brake Support (CWBS).

Enthusiasts say that the new S80 creates a noticeable difference between ‘sport’ and ‘comfort’ options. However, the greatest spoilage factor, they say, is the price. The new Volvo S80 sedan carries a price sticker of $72,595 - far behind the stickers of the Lexus GS lines and the Audi A6.

About the Author

Glady Reign is a 32 year old is a consultant for an automotive firm based in Detroit, Mi. she is a native of the motor city and grew up around cars hence her expertise in the automotive field.

What should I do when I smell a strong electric burning smell on one side of the house?

My aunt woke me up and said they smelled something burning. It mostly consists in the kitchen and the 2 little living rooms. I checked every single electirc appliance in the house and can not find anything. I even thought it was the heat pump so I shut that down from the breaker and the smell is still there. We have an alarm system but I guess the smell is too weak to register on the smoke detector. What should I do? I really dont want to find out what it is when it is too late. Anyone had this problem before?

Now I know why I stopped coming on here to answer peoples questions. I am sick to death of reading other peoples comments about that someone is an "Idiot" for asking a certain question. This is what this site is all about to help people with their concerns. If you think they are Idiots for asking a certain question that they may not know the answer too, then take your cruel words somewhere else and don't answer their questions if you think that they are stupid questions.

Sorry Steve, to answer your question now: The best advise I can give is for your Aunty to call an Electrician (if it's her house), then if not get her to call her landlord/Real Estate Agent to get someone out to come and have a look at it.

Hope you find the source of the smell as I could imagine smelling that sort of smell is a bit scary.

Computer model predicts how materials meet in the middle
(PhysOrg.com) -- Predicting the way different materials fuse together at an atomic level in objects including iPods, computer chips and even ships may be possible using a new computer model, described in the March issue of Nature Materials.

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