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Why We Should Reject the Current Agri Practices and What Should We Do to Meet the Ever Increasing Global Hunger Sustainably

Why we should reject the current agri practices and what should we do to meet the ever increasing global hunger sustainably.

 

1. • All the 6 plots were of 0.5dec.each & replicated 3 times ;all applications once in basal,1st.TD&2nd.TD

 

Farmer: R N Barik ( Bhimpur pahi, Balasore, Orissa ) Soil: Coastal alluvial (sandy loam); Season: Kharif,2004-05. Crop: Rice, Variety: Pooja (HYV)

Treatment Grain yield Straw yield Gross Input Gross Return Net Return B C Ratio

( Qtl/Acre ) ( Qtl/Acre ) ( in Rs. ) ( in Rs. ) ( in Rs. ) ( GR/GI )

* Control (+compost) 16.5 22.1 4,640/- 10,348/- 5,708/- 2.23

*

Study of Rice productivity under different applications in captive (potted) conditions conducted at FM (Auto.)College, Balasore,Orissa.

Initial soil fertility index :- N = 269.7, P = 61.9, K = 561.25 ( all in kg/ha.)

Applications

Soil Fertility at

Soil Fertility after harvest (in Kg/ha.)

Grain Yield per pot(Gm)

Straw Yield

N P K

N P K

Control

266.56 79.8 538.9

175.6 39.75 405.8

16

36

Chem.(32:16:16)

379.45 75.66 567.1

213.24 40.39 478.4

10

24

Vermi compost

279.1 85.9 553.7

181.8 50.01 405.8

28

42

FYM+BF

285.3 83.3 552.3

185 48.09 404.5

22

33

Azolla(4.5gm)

288.5 85.9 525.5

178.75 50.2 419.3

25

36

Pou.Man(2.25gm)

285.3 88.4 525.5

191.2 35.25 409.9

24

36

Sesbania(100gm)

271.2 75 526.8

141.12 40.13 411.2

20

43

Pong.OC(1gm)

274.4 76.9 528.1

169.3 32.44 424.7

29

37

Pong.OC(2gm)

285.3 80.7 540.2

169.3 45.2 404.5

32

34

NeemOC(1.5gm)

285.37 83.3 567.1

216.3 48.9 413.95

24

38

Sesbania+BF

266.5 93.6 533.5

163.07 42.57 413.9

23

35

NeemOC+BF

279.1 88.5 557.7

213.2 42.7 419.3

24

38

Verm.Com+BF+

344 83.3 565.8

225.7 42.9 423.36

31

39

Sesbania+VC+NOC+

376.3 82.07 557.7

254 42.3 427.3

29

47

Sesbania+VC+NOC+

398.2 81.43 553.7

257.1 41.6 421.4

40

49

Sesbania+VC+POC+

392 88.48 552.3

258.7 48.2 440.8

32

38

Sesbania+VC+POC+

388.8 89.2 557.7

254 47.4 442.1

33

56

Sesbania+PM+POC+

401.4 91.05 540.2

260.2 45.14 419.3

19

22

Type of worm cast

 




Nitrogen ( kg / ha )

 




Phosphorus

( kg / ha )

 




Potash

( kg / ha )

 

Road side cast under shade ( Metaphire posthuma )

 




610.2

 




47.7

 




781

 

Worm cast collected from a cultured pot with both, Perionyx excavatus &Eisenia foetida

 




573.88

 




70.65

 




825.85

 

Worm cast of P.excavatus

 




558.2

 




52.2

 




611.52

 

Worm cast of mixed species(collected from vegetable cultivated field of ribbed gourd)*

 




698.92

 




90.36

 




161*

 

Comparison of Nutrient availability in soil sample with worm cast

Available Nutrient

( in Kg / ha )

 




Soil sample from the site

(control)

 




Worm cast of

M.posthuma

 

 

, giant

tropical earthworm




Soil sample from the site

(control)

 




Worm cast of

(mixed species)

P.excavatus

 

E.foetida

(1:1)

 

(1:1) &

Nitrogen

 




340.2

 




610.2

 




269.7

 




573.88

 

Phosphorus

 




40.8

 




46.7

 




61.9

 




70.65

 

Potash

 




380.7

 




781

 




561.25

 




825.85

 

1. 1. AN EXAMPLE OF ORGANIC FARMING CONVERTED TO SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE (IN RICE) IN THREE YEARS TIME

      Farmer: - Pitambar Jena Village: - MangalpurDistrict: - Mayurbhanj (Orissa)

      Soil type: - Sandy loam, Period of organic management – since 2001

      Crop:-Rice Variety: - Kasturi (HYV), Cultivation under study: -kharif 2004 – 05

      Area under cultivation: - 1214 sq.mts.(30dec.,approximately- 1 bigha)

      Ingredients applied (@ as below since 2001)

       

      1. 1. Sesbania (dhanicha)- 3 kg (@ of 10 kg/acre), incorporated at pre flowering stage.

       

       

      2. 2. Pongam oil cake--- 45 kg (@ 1.5 qntls./acre), applied at the time pudling (with dhanicha).

       

       

   2. 3.

   Farm yard manure – 3 qntls.( @ 10 qntls/acre) applied at the time sowing of dhanicha seeds(after 2nd ploughing)

   3. .

       

    

   1. 4. Stocked cow urine as collected from the cattle shed with soil and applied in the field – in 2 applications ( at the time of 1st T D and 2nd T D )- 1.2 qntls (@ 4 qntls/acre).

    

    

   2. 5. Regular fresh dilute(1:9) cow urine applications-from panicle initiation till ripening of paddy seeds.(cow urine – N= 78 / 83 ppm; P = 8.18 –/9.73 ppm ; K = 387.5 / 385.5 ppm

    

   with reference to Jersey and native cow respectively ).

   Soil fertility Index as observed-

   Time of sample collection N(kg/ha) P(kg/ha) K(kg/ha)

   -------------------------------- ----------------- --------------- --------------------

   Initial soil fertility -------- 283.7 42.6 168.3

   45 days after transplantation 458.2 45.8 273.6

   75 -do- -do- 462.1 39.9 260.1

   After harvesting of crop 393.6 35.2 254.7

    

   Actual Grain Yield

   (in quintal)

    

   
   

   Grain Yield

   (in qntl./Ac)

    

   
   

   Actual Straw yield

   (in quintal)

    

   
   

   Straw yield

   (in qntl./Ac)

    

   
   

   Gross Input

   (in Rupees)

    

   
   

   Gross Return

   (in Rupees)

    

   
   

   B: C Ratio

    

   8.5

    

   
   

   28.33

    

   
   

   9.9

    

   
   

   33

    

   
   

   1,317/-

    

   
   

   5,892/-

    

   
   

   4.47

    

   11. Observation of pest attack:- No significant pest attack was observed at any stage of cultivation

       Sustainable agriculture is advantageous because:-

        

   12. ?
   13. Least chance of seed – crop failure – farmer being the seed owner himself.

        

        

   14. ?
   15. Soil full of humus, moisture and fertility.

        

        

   16. ?
   17. Least dependence on purchased inputs – more dependence on internal inputs.

        

        

   18. ?
   19. Least chances of crop failure due to pests and diseases, as pests are managed by biopest control measures and through use of botanicals.

        

        

   20. ?
   21. Higher returns with higher cost benefit ratios.

        

        

   22. ?
   23. Helps conserve water, the most important and critical resource of the time.

        

        

   24. ?
   25. Ensures food safety with food security and can address the increasing global hunger adequately.

        

        

   26. ?
   27. Preserves environment, maintain ecological balance.

        

        

   28. ?
   29. Generates healthy and tasty food with higher keeping quality.

        

        

   30. ?
   31. Makes agriculture a profitable enterprise, conserve the small and marginal farmers who produce the largest bulk of food.

        

        

   32. ?
   1. Amplifies conservation of biodiversity including agro biodiversity.

       

Organic farming biological farming biodiversity based farming.

It is the method of agriculture which generates comparatively more food in harmony with the nature.

If the current high input oriented chemical agriculture be labelled

"green revolution", then organic farming supplemented by biodiversity and positive biotechnology (including vermitechnology) easy enough for the farming communities the world over to understand and implement would be labeled as the "evergreen revolution". However, the global approach to land use planning must be strictly and sustainably addressed to.

AN EXAMPLE OF ORGANIC FARMING CONVERTED TO SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE (IN RICE) IN THREE YEARS TIME

Farmer: - Pitambar Jena Village: - MangalpurDistrict: - Mayurbhanj (Orissa)

Soil type: - Sandy loam, Period of organic management – since 2001

Crop:-Rice Variety: - Kasturi (HYV), Cultivation under study: -kharif 2004 – 05

Area under cultivation: - 1214 sq.mts.(30dec.,approximately- 1 bigha)

Ingredients applied (@ as below since 2001)

 

1. 1. Sesbania (dhanicha)- 3 kg (@ of 10 kg/acre), incorporated at pre flowering stage.

 

 

2. 2. Pongam oil cake--- 45 kg (@ 1.5 qntls./acre), applied at the time pudling (with dhanicha).

 

 

1. 3.

Farm yard manure – 3 qntls.( @ 10 qntls/acre) applied at the time sowing of dhanicha seeds(after 2nd ploughing)

2. .

    

 

1. 4. Stocked cow urine as collected from the cattle shed with soil and applied in the field – in 2 applications ( at the time of 1st T D and 2nd T D )- 1.2 qntls (@ 4 qntls/acre).

 

 

2. 5. Regular fresh dilute(1:9) cow urine applications-from panicle initiation till ripening of paddy seeds.(cow urine – N= 78 / 83 ppm; P = 8.18 –/9.73 ppm ; K = 387.5 / 385.5 ppm

 

with reference to Jersey and native cow respectively ).

Soil fertility Index as observed-

Time of sample collection N(kg/ha) P(kg/ha) K(kg/ha)

-------------------------------- ----------------- --------------- --------------------

Initial soil fertility -------- 283.7 42.6 168.3

45 days after transplantation 458.2 45.8 273.6

75 -do- -do- 462.1 39.9 260.1

After harvesting of crop 393.6 35.2 254.7

 

Inference on applications of captive conditions:-

 

1. 1. In each pot 5 mother plants were transplanted which amounted to one hill. Assuming that there are 30 number of hills per square metre, it would work out to 1,21,410 number of hills in an acre, as an acre is 4047 square meters. The yield in pot no. 31, if replicated in field condition would yield Q.48.56 quintals per acre. However the applications made in the pots is difficult to simulate in field condition, hence, the yield in field condition would be little less.

 

 

2. 2. There is no correlation between yield of grain and straw.

 

 

3. 3. The best application to enhance soil fertility in order to achieve highest yield potentials, it is recommended to simulate that of pot no. 31,i,e., Sesbania + Vermicompost + Azolla + Neem oil cake + Bacterial fertilizers + Cow urine(all in 3 doses,basal,1st.TD & 2nd.TD)

    

    

4. 4. In sustainability of the practice, bacterial fertilizers is a purchased input, however, the same would not be required in the long run. Besides, Neem oil cake also a purchased input can be replaced by ground Neem kernel at one third proportions. Thus all purchased inputs can be replaced by internal inputs. When this is so done, the practice becomes sustainable and yield enhanced.

 

CHANGES IN SOIL FERTILITY INDEX WITH REFERENCE TO N P K AFTER INCORPORATION OF DIFFERENT GREEN LEAF MANURES

 

Study undertaken by a team at FM (Auto.) College, Balasore (Orissa) with UGC assistance.

Nutrient Initial Soil Neem Leaf Moringa Leaf Water Hyacinth Cassia Leaf Pongam Leaf

Name fertility (Azadirachata) (Eichornia) (Pongamia)

-------- ----------- ---------------- --------------- ------------------- -------------- ---------------

Nitrogen

(Kg/ha) 269.7 291.64 310.46 299.48 294.48 303.36

Phosphorus

(Kg/ha) 61.9 62.3 62.5 62 62.7 63

Potash

(Kg/ha) 561.25 591.36 598.08 608.83 596.73 594.04

Methods followed: N= Subiah & Asija, (Kjeldahl Appt.) P= Olsen, (Spectro photometer) &

& Apparatus used: K= Ammonium acetate, (MP based digital flame photometer)

Assessment of Nutrient status of Worm cast soil collected from different sites Conducted by a team at FM (Auto.) College, Balasore, (Orissa) with UGC assistance

About the Author

Author is an avid natrure analyst,has worked on & written books,research papers and short & large articles on several aspects of the nature such as farming,forest,food and water etc.

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