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Bladder Cancer Surgery in India: An Overview

Bladder cancer surgery in India refers to any of several types of malignant growths of the urinary bladder. It is a disease in which abnormal cells multiply without control in the bladder. The bladder is a hollow, muscular organ that stores urine; it is located in the pelvis. The most common type of bladder cancer begins in cells lining the inside of the bladder and is called transitional cell carcinoma (sometimes urothelial cell carcinoma). Bladder cancer characteristically causes blood in the urine; this may be visible to the naked eye (frank hematuria) or detectable only by microscope (microscopic hematuria). Other possible symptoms include pain during urination, frequent urination (Polyuria) or feeling the need to urinate without results. These signs and symptoms are not specific to bladder cancer, and are also caused by non-cancerous conditions, including prostate infections and cystitis. Kidney cancer also can cause hematuria. Tobacco smoking is the main known cause of urinary bladder cancer: in most populations, smoking causes over half of bladder cancer cases in men and a sizeable proportion in women. There is a linear relationship between smoking and risk, and quitting smoking reduces the risk.In a 10-year study involving almost 48,000 men, researchers found that men who drank 1.5L of water a day had a significantly reduced incidence of bladder cancer when compared with men who drank less than 240mL (around 1 cup) per day. The authors proposed that bladder cancer might partly be caused by the bladder directly contacting carcinogens that are excreted in urine. It is postulated, therefore, that by drinking higher quantities of water, urine is more dilute, thereby reducing the chance of disease.

Diagnosis and Treatment:

The gold standard for diagnosing bladder cancer is biopsy obtained during cystoscopy. Sometimes it is an incidental finding during cystoscopy. Urine cytology can be obtained in voided urine or at the time of the cystoscopy ("bladder washing"). Cytology is very specific (a positive result is highly indicative of bladder cancer) but suffers from low sensitivity (a negative result does not exclude the diagnosis of cancer). There are newer urine bound markers for the diagnosis of bladder cancer. These markers are more sensitive but not as specific as urine cytology. They are much more expensive as well. Many patients with a history, signs, and symptoms suspicious for bladder cancer are referred to a urologist or other physician trained in cystoscopy, a procedure in which a flexible tube bearing a camera and various instruments is introduced into the bladder through the urethra. Suspicious lesions may be biopsied and sent for pathologic analysis. The treatment of bladder cancer depends on how deep the tumor invades into the bladder wall. Superficial tumors (those not entering the muscle layer) can be "shaved off" using an electrocautery device attached to a cystoscope. Immunotherapy in the form of BCG instillation is also used to treat and prevent the recurrence of superficial tumors. BCG immunotherapy is effective in up to 2/3 of the cases at this stage. Instillations of chemotherapy, such as valrubicin (Valstar) into the bladder can also be used to treat BCG-refractory CIS disease when cystectomy is not an option.

Untreated, superficial tumors may gradually begin to infiltrate the muscular wall of the bladder. Tumors that infiltrate the bladder require more radical surgery where part or all of the bladder is removed (a cystectomy) and the urinary stream is diverted. In some cases, skilled surgeons can create a substitute bladder (a neobladder) from a segment of intestinal tissue, but this largely depends upon patient preference, age of patient, renal function, and the site of the disease.

A combination of radiation and chemotherapy can also be used to treat invasive disease. It has not yet been determined how the effectiveness of this form of treatment compares to that of radical ablative surgery.

There is weak observational evidence from one very small study (84) to suggest that the concurrent use of statins is associated with failure of BCG immunotherapy.

The hemocyanin found in Concholepas concholepas blood has immunotherapeutic effects against bladder and prostate cancer. In a research made in 2006 mice were primed with C. concholepas before implantation of bladder tumor (MBT-2) cells. Mice treated with C. concholepas showed a significant antitumor effect as well. The effects included prolonged survival, decreased tumor growth and incidence and lack of toxic effects.

Follow up care:

Follow-up cancer care involves regular medical checkups that include a review of a patient’s medical history and a physical exam. Follow-up care may include imaging procedures (methods of producing pictures of areas inside the body), endoscopy (the use of a thin, lighted tube to examine the inside of the body), blood work, and other lab tests.

Follow-up care is important because it helps to identify changes in health. The purpose of follow-up care is to check for recurrence (the return of cancer in the primary site) or metastasis (the spread of cancer to another part of the body). Follow-up care visits are also important to help in the prevention or early detection of other types of cancer, address ongoing problems due to cancer or its treatment, and check for physical and psychosocial effects that may develop months to years after treatment ends. All cancer survivors should have follow-up care.

When planning a follow-up care schedule, patients should consider who will provide the follow-up care and who will provide other medical care. They should select a doctor with whom they feel comfortable. This may be the same doctor who provided the person’s cancer treatment. For other medical care, people should continue to see a family doctor or medical specialist as needed.Some people might not have a choice in who provides their follow-up care, because some insurance plans pay for follow-up care only with certain doctors and for a set number of visits. In planning follow-up care, patients may want to check their health insurance plan to see what restrictions, if any, apply to them. For further details on the Affordable cost Bladder Cancer surgery in India feel free to visit us at www.indiacancersurgerysite.com  or mail your queries at info@indiacancersurgerysite.com or talk to us international callers, at  +91 9579034639

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equipment to make human genetic engineering?

what's the equipment required to alter the DNA of a cell? For example, in the movie SPECIES, there's a scene in the lab where they're injecting some pink-like string into a cell with a needle. What's the precision of that needle? What kinda microscope was that and camera were those? How expensive and where is it possible to buy this stuff?

I'm not familiar with the particular movie you've cited. I can tell you that any cell manipulation microscopes are going to cost at least $5,000, and possibly much, much more depending on how precise you want to be. Altering single cells in the way you've described involve microscopic needles typically made of pulled glass capillary tubes...these are difficult to make and difficult to buy, they cost several hundred dollars per piece to purchase. Controlling these needles requires special equipment because they are far too small and delicate to be operated by hand. Also, the mechanism that "sucks and blow" the needle must deal in volumes so small that often only electric currents are used. These needles are capable of targeting a single human egg cells, which is about the size of a period in a normal textbook. This would cost another several thousands of dollars. The work with human cells (eggs or cells collected from adults) requires a cell culture set up including a sterile hood, media supplies, liquid nitrogen referigeration setup, and a sterile incubator to keep your cells at the appropriate temperature, humidity, and pH...this is going to cost tens of thousands of dollars. Finally, when compared to the cost of working with mammalian cells it doesn't seem too expensive, working with DNA can be extraordinarly costly. Reagants, kits, and devices such as centrifuges, gel chambers, and cold storage facilities can cost well over $15,000 just for a basic (VERY BASIC) setup. There is a reason most labs require constant external funding, such as government grants that are for hundreds of thousands of dollars. I believe the current average grant size from the US Government now hovers around $300,000.

Finally, there are a variety of companies that sell this equipment. Roche, Fisher Science, VWR, Nunc, Corning Glassware, etc, etc...

Sounds like you are trying to set up a tissue culture lab. Good luck, and I hope you have very, very deep pockets.

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