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Here are some more information for Pressure Vessel:

Stress Orientated Hydrogen Induced Cracking (SOHIC) is a potential problem found in steel pressure vessels, boilers and pipes deployed in sour service, primarily within the oil and gas industry.  So what exactly is SOHIC, what damage can it cause and what measures can be taken to avoid it happening in the first place?

SOHIC Explained

Stress orientated hydrogen induced cracking occurs in sour service installations.  Sour service is a working environment where there are significant levels of hydrogen sulphide present, and such environments are common in the oil and gas industry.  Steel boilers and pressure vessels used in sour service can corrode from the inside due to the build up of hydrogen sulphide.  Similar to hydrogen induced cracking (HIC), stress orientated hydrogen induced cracking is different due to the fact that it effects the heat affected zone (HAZ) of welds since this is the weak point in the pressure vessel or pipe.  Failure to detect corrosion in this area could cause the pipe of pressure vessel to fail with potentially dangerous consequences.

It is therefore important that the steel procured has been tested for susceptibility to the effects of hydrogen sulphide corrosion in some way.  Whilst a specific SOHIC susceptibility test has not been standardised within the industry as of yet, HIC testing is available for particular steel grades used in this instance.

The testing procedure essentially involves the evaluation of resistance of pressure vessel, boiler and  pipework steels to hydrogen induced cracking caused by hydrogen absorption from aqueous sulfide corrosion. An unstressed steel sample is exposed to a solution at ambient temperature and pressure. After a designated period, the sample is removed and assessed. The results of this test determines the materials suitability for the purpose intended.  This will provide the customer with confidence as to how long the material is likely to last before replacement is required.

Steel grades of this type can be tested by the mill, by a UKAS approved testing agency or a specific test criteria can be provided by the customer.

To obtain further information reqarding stress orientated hydrogen induced cracking (SOHIC) or to receive a competitive quotation for HIC tested steel, contact Masteel UK limited by clicking here.

Side Effects Of Blood Pressure Medications

All blood pressure medication should lower blood pressure but in addition they can produce some undesirable side effects. Type of medication alter basic body functions not only in the blood vessels but in the nervous system and kidneys as well. Because all of the systems in the body are interconnected even drugs that effect only one type of molecule in the body will produce some type of side effect.

Beta Blockers:

A common type of blood pressure medication like beta blockers are used to control cardiac arrhythmia or irregular heart beat. Beta blockers limit the ability of the heart to beat faster and as a result they reduce the ability of a person to exercise. Fatigue and the ability to react to the basic flight or fight response during an emergency situation is severely reduced. In June of 2006 the United Kingdom downgraded the use of beta-blockers for the elderly because of the increased risk of provoking type 2 diabetes. Other drugs were found to be much better in controlling high blood pressure.

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors:

Lisinopril is in a class of drugs called angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. It is used to lower blood pressure by decreasing certain chemicals in the blood that tighten the blood vessels. In other words, lisinopril will dilate the blood vessels so blood flows more smoothly and the heart can pump blood more efficiently using less pressure. It is also used to treat congestive heart failure and to improve the survival rate after a heart attack. The most common side effect of Lisinopril is a violent, non-productive cough, dizziness, fatigue and flue like symptoms. Another side effect, though not very common but it is dangerous is a pounding or uneven heartbeat.

Diuretics:

Diuretics are used to treat blood pressure problems by stimulating the kidneys to flush excess fluid and sodium from the human body. Less blood volume allows the heart to move the blood easier throughout the body. Loss of potassium, dry mouth and dehydration are the most common side effects of diuretics.

Calcium Channel Blockers:

Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) keeps the blood vessels and heart from absorbing calcium which causes the blood vessels to relax. Calcium causes the heart to contract and the blood vessels to contract. CCBs are also used to slow the heart rate and are used for treating an abnormally rapid heart rate. The most common side effect of calcium channel blockers are headache, nausea, constipation, rash, dizziness and fluid retention.

Alpha Blockers:

Alpha blockers stop certain nerve impulses to the blood vessels causing the vessels to relax. Alpha blockers stop a natural hormone called nor-epinephrine from stimulating the muscles in the walls of the of the smaller blood vessels. The most common side effect of alpha blockers is low blood pressure, dizziness, headache, pounding heart beat, nausea, fatigue, fluid retention and an increase of the cholesterol levels in the blood. Some alpha blockers can increase the risk of heart failure with long term use.

Vasodilators:

Vasodilators directly cause the muscles in the blood vessels walls to relax thus preventing the muscles from tightening and the walls of the blood vessels from narrowing. Side effects of vasodilators are headache, nasal congestion, chest pain, rapid hear beat, pounding heart beat, fluid retention and dizziness. Long term use increase the risk of developing a connective tissue disease called lupus.

Common Vitamins and over the counter products can help with high blood pressure such as diuretics, copper, vitamin B, vitamin A, Quercitin, Potassium, Lecithin and Iron.

Natural diuretics are contained in cranberries, anything that has caffeine and apple cider vinegar. Fruits and vegetables such as watermelon and cucumbers contain a lot of water and will help increase urination. If you are taking COUMADIN then check with your doctor before using cranberry.

There is strong evidence that trace mineral Copper is vital to the tensile strength of the coronary blood vessels.

Vitamin B taken together as a team perform vital biological processes including aiding in the healing process for congestive heart failure and reduces fluid retention. It is required for the development of red blood cells.

Vitamin C has show to reduce cholesterol levels and lowers high blood pressure.

Quercitin is a well known flavonoid. Flavonoids are powerful antioxidants and can reduce inflammation boost the immune system and strengthen blood vessels and improve circulation. Quercitin is also known for its ability to block the release of histamines, thus reducing or preventing allergy symptoms. Take 500 mg twice daily.

Potassium may help prevent high blood pressure and protect against atherosclerosis and reduce the risk of stroke.

Lecithin has the potential to protect against fat clogged arteries when take daily.
Iron is an essential component of hemoglobin, the oxygen carrying substance in red blood cells. Iron is vital for the production of blood by the bone marrow. The single most common cause of anemia is the lack of Iron.

Lifestyle changes can also lower the risk of medical emergencies do to arteriosclerosis. Quit smoking, eat healthy foods, weight loss and get regular exercise. This treatment is often problematic for many to achieve and continue for the long term.

This report is nutritional in nature and not to be construed as medical advice.

Always consult your doctor before using this information.

About the Author

David Cowley has created numerous articles on heart disease. He has also created a Web Site dedicated to heart disease and how to treat them. Visit Heart Disease

What is the rate of change of the total pressure of the vessel?

The reaction 2NO (g) + Cl2 (g) = 2NOCl (g) is carried out in a closed vessel. If the partial pressure of NO is decresing at the rate of 23 torr/min, what is the rate of change of the total pressure of the vessel?

_____Understanding the reaction

_____2NO + 1Cl2 -----> 2NOCl
when 2 moles of NO are consumed the net change in the # moles is (2 product moles - 3 reactant moles = - 1 mole)

so rate change in # moles of system = rate change of NO * (1 system mole / 2mole NO)

rate change of system = -23 torr NO /min * (1 mole system / 2 mole NO) = ??

SOLVE

Basic mathematics is a prerequisite to chemistry – I just try to help you with the methodology of solving the problem.

Eastday-S Korea continues search for 46 missing sailors
South Korea's Navy and coastguard on Tuesday continued their rescue efforts to search for the missing sailors of a naval vessel that sank on Friday, but have yet to break into the sunken ship.

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