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WindTurbine ABC's

Wind Power Nuts and bolts

Small wind-power systems can supply electricity on isolated, off-grid sites, or directly in town connected to the power grid. Although wind systems have need of more maintenance and need even more attention than solar-electric or microhydro-power systems, if you invest up front in good quality equipment, design, and installation, wind-energy systems can make economic and environmental sense. They also produce a great deal of fulfillment-there´s nothing quite like watching your wind generator change a summer breeze or a winter storm into electrical energy.

How It Works

Boiled down to its simplest principles, a wind generator´s revolving blades transfer the wind´s kinetic energy into rotational momentum in a shaft. The turning shaft turns an alternator, which produces electricity. This electricity is passed through wiring along the tower to its end use.

The blades use engineered airfoils, matched to the alternator, that catch the wind´s force. Nearly all new wind generators make use of three blades, the best compromise between the maximum efficiency possible (one blade) and the equilibrium that comes with several rotors. Together, the blades and the hub they are attached to are termed the rotor, which is the collector of the system, catching winds that pass by. Most turbines on the market these days are upwind machines-their blades are on the windward face of the tower. A few downwind machines are offered, but neither configuration has a clear working advantage over the other.

In most small-scale designs, the rotor is fixed directly to the shank of a permanent magnet alternator, which creates rough, three-phase AC. Rowdy, three-phase electricity means that the voltage and frequency change continuously with the wind speed. They are not set like the 60 Hz, 120 VAC electricity coming out of ordinary household outlets. The wild production is rectified to DC to either charge batteries or supply a grid-synchronous inverter. In nearly all designs (up to 15 KW in peak capacity), the rotor is as a rule connected directly to the alternator, which eliminates the added maintenance of gears. In systems 20 KW and bigger, as well as a few smaller wind systems (like the Endurance, Tulipo, or Aircon), a gearbox is used to step up alternator speed from a slower revolving rotor.

The blades have got to turn to meet the wind, so a yaw bearing is required, allowing the wind turbine to follow the winds as they change course. The tail directs the rotor into the wind. Some variety of governing system limits the rotor rpm as well as generator output to guard the turbine from excessive winds. A shutdown mechanism is also useful to halt the unit when necessary, such as for the duration of an extreme storm, when you do not need the power, or at which time you wish to repair the system.

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About the Author

Sol Green is a family man who believes that we can protect the environment by utilizing alternative energies that are clean as in solar and wind power.

Speed of synchronous generator decrease with increasing load at output?

I have confusion as how increase in electrical load lead to decrease in generator rpm? And why if we increase the generator rpm (by injecting more fuel in gas turbines) increase the power? What is the influence of rotor and stator flux in this phenomenon?

The answer has to do with the way a generator works. A generator uses a ring of carbon brushes and a DC voltage supply from a control system called an exciter to generate a magnetic field on the rotating section. As the turbine spins the rotating section of the turbine passes by a stationary section that cuts through that magnetic field. creating a voltage. The magnetic field will naturally resist the turbine blades cutting through it which is why increasing the load, thus increasing the strength of the magnetic field, would cause a loss of rpm without putting more fuel to burn.

In reality once a generator is locked to the outside grid it will not change it's rpm. It will always burn the amount of fuel required to keep it at 60 HZ (3600 rpm). The fuel just drives the turbine. Air is pulled in and compressed and then after going through the combustion section and mixing with the fuel is blasted across the turbine blades to spin them. Burning more fuel means you need more air to keep a proper mixture which forces more air across the blades which turns the turbine with more force. That is how if you had no resistance from the magnetic field you would increase the turbine rpm.

To answer the question about the rotor and stator. The rotor is the section of the turbine that has the magnetic field caused by the exciter, as it spins the stator cuts the magnetic lines of flux and induces the voltage that is sent out to your homes.

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