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Harmful Exhaust is not a Fact of Life in Alfa Romeo and American Motors With an Up to Specs Catalytic Converter

Exhaust is a natural byproduct of an internal combustion engine used on contemporary vehicles like those from Alfa Romeo and American Motors. It is a necessary evil produced during combustion, but is not exactly impossible to wipe out. One of the low-key Alfa Romeo and American Motors parts that aims to eradicate the vehicle’s exhaust output is the Alfa Romeo catalytic converter. Equipped with chemical catalysts platinum, rhodium, palladium, among others, the catalytic converter oxidizes the exhaust gases of the Alfa Romeo and American Motors before they are emitted into the atmosphere. Catalytic converters are manufactured in two varieties: the ceramic and honeycomb converters, the former being the most-used type among modern vehicles because it incorporates the function of the other and presents new and more effective method of oxidizing the exhaust. In order that exhaust materials are reduced, the car engines of the Alfa Romeo and American Motors primarily control the amount of fuel they burn. They try to keep the air to fuel ratio close to the stoichiometric point, which is the calculated ideal ratio of air to fuel in a burn material. At this ratio, all of the fuel will be burned using all of the oxygen in the air, resulting in less exhaust. For gasoline engines, the stoichiometric ratio is about 14.7:1. This means that for every pound of gasoline, 14.7 pounds of air will be burned. As engine and driving conditions change, this ratio changes as well. Sometimes it will run richer or leaner than the ideal 14.7:1. When the burn mixture falls short or exceeds the ratio, exhausts materials composed of hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and other volatile organic compounds are produced. The engine tries to eliminate these through the chemical reaction produced when the fumes make contact with the catalytic converter. It works in two stages: reduction and oxidation. Reduction is the first stage used by both the Alfa Romeo and American Motors catalytic converter. It uses platinum and rhodium to help reduce the nitrous oxide emissions. When a molecule of these gases contacts the catalyst, the catalyst rips the nitrogen atom out of the molecule and holds on to it, freeing the oxygen in the form of oxygen. The nitrogen atoms, on the other hand, bond with other nitrogen atoms that are also stuck to the catalyst. Afterwards, the palladium and platinum metals of the catalytic converter convert the hydrocarbons of unburned gasoline and carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide and water, resulting in exhaust emission that is less harmful.

About the Author

John Garret is an automobile mechanic who knows every crook and cranny of his truck. He's also a vintage car enthusiast, and he's dedicated to fixing and restoring them. He is a motorist who believes in continuous research and improvement.

In cycling, why must the climber and the sprinter always get the rewards, and the break-always go unrewarded?

Unless there are HUGE, HUGE mountains, every regular race stage in a major tour (other than the time trials) seems to end in a pack sprint finish, with the same 2-4 people nearly always winning it. Wouldn't it be better if they could somehow get rewards for being in a break-away, and if break-aways could have motorised pacer assistance to help them stay clear, and to help further break-aways catch the front break-away group?

It's become, more or less, a formality.

Usually the weaker teams send a rider on a suicide run, mostly for publicity, but also in hopes that the peloton will not see the rider as a threat and let him win.

Depending on the stage and how far into the race, the teams may cooperate to reel in the break or let it go.

For instance, during the first week of the Tour de France, sprinter teams will not let any breaks get away because it's their only chance to score wins. They must capitalize on that opportunity because the mountain stages are not suited for them. Similarly, the climbers lay low in the peloton until the race reaches the mountains. It is their only chance to win so they will not let any breaks get away to spoil their chances at victory.

That's not to say breaks are fruitless endeavors. Transition stages are great opportunities for attackers. Usually, these are the only stages breakaway riders get, and they are far and few in between. Sometimes, attackers get lucky and the peloton misjudge the strength of the breakaway, or the peloton refuse to cooperate. The 2006 TdF contains numerous examples of this.

Womens’ Groups Slam Arroyo’s Inaction Towards El Niño
News Release 06 March 2010 Women farmers and urban poor women joined forces today as they braved the heat and marched to Mendiola to condemn Arroyo government’s lack of action in addressing the severe effects of El Niño. “The so-called P1.7 billion calamity fund released by the government failed to reach the people especially the poor peasant. Given [...]

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